Registration IS sold out.

We opened a waiting list in case of cancellation (click on Contact in the Menu).
70 participants maximum allowed for GP-Camp and 45 for Workshop/Tutorial.

As of today’s sanitary instructions, wearing a mask and social distance rules are mandatory. Full vaccination is recommended.
Because of this exceptional situation, you will get a full refund if we have to cancel the event or if you are forbidden to travel to France at the last minute.

SPECIAL TOPICS OF INTEREST:
– Tutorial Workshop (short courses) for Newcomers, on Monday;
– Focused Sessions (to be confirmed) : “Mechano-chemistry of dumped and piled fly ash” .

Every year, we invite you to join the Geopolymer Institute for the largest, most comprehensive international conference devoted to Geopolymer technologies, the 13th GeopolymerCamp 2021, at the University of Picardie, Campus of Saint-Quentin, North of Paris, France, on August 30-31, September 1st.

Please, take a look at the GEOPOLYMER CAMP web page for the programme and to register:
GeopolymerCamp Main Page (click on the link)
(or in French at GeopolymerCamp Page Principale )

]]> https://www.geopolymer.org/conference/webinar/webinars-videos-collection/ Tue, 05 May 2015 12:13:02 +0000 http://www.geopolymer.org/?p=3548

Webinar Spring 2016

This free webinar covers various aspects of the geopolymer science and applications. Yet, you will find a focus on geopolymer cement and concrete to celebrate its successful commercialization that raises a great interest all over the world.
Professor Joseph Davidovits spans a broad spectrum of valuable knowledge in this 2¼ hours video by reviewing the following topics:

1. Geopolymer definitions.
2. Real world and successful applications and commercialization.
3. Heat and fire-resistant geopolymer.
4. Why did it take 30 years to commercialize geopolymer cement?
5. Alkali Activated Materials are not Polymers, so they cannot be used as synonyms for Geo-Polymers!
6. The “good” geopolymer terminology and why using it opens its understanding.
7. Principles of geopolymer technologies (it is first a real “polymer”).
8. Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete: how to make a good one.
9. The 6 basic rules in geopolymer processing.
10. False CO2 emissions calculations.

2h15, 265 MB. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Webinar Spring 2014: Talk 1 and Talk 2.

These are live recording videos. They constitute genuine tools for those of you who want to learn and increase their knowledge in Geopolymer Science and Technology.

Talk 1/Part 1 – Applications and commercializations

24 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Talk 1/Part 2 – What is a geopolymer ?

15 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Talk 1/Part 3 – The 6 basic rules in geopolymer processing

33 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Talk 1/Part 4 – Geopolymer science and egyptian pyramids

25 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Talk 2/Part 5 – Principles of alumino-silicate geopolymer

29 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Talk 2/Part 6 – Heat- and fire-resistant geopolymer

12 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Talk 2/Part 7 – Fly ashed-based geopolymer (10 min.)

10 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Talk 2/Part 8 – Durability tests

9 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Talk 2/Part 9 – Geopolymer cement standards / low CO₂

12 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Talk 2/Part 10 – Geopolymer science and roman cement

12 minutes. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Recorded Videos of the Free Geopolymer Webinar Spring 2014: Talk 1 and Talk 2, April 8-9, 2014.

We had a strong attendance (ca. 215 registered participants split between the two daily sessions, see map below).

These are live recording videos. They constitute genuine tools for those of you who want to learn and increase their knowledge in Geopolymer Science and Technology.

Webinar 2014 Talk 1/Part 1 – Applications and commercializations (24 min.)

Webinar 2014 Talk 1/Part 2 – What is a geopolymer ? (15 min.)

Webinar 2014 Talk 1/Part 3 – The 6 basic rules of geopolymer processing (33 min.)

Webinar 2014 Part 4 – Geopolymer science and egyptian pyramids (25 min.)

Webinar 2014 Talk 2/Part 5 – Principles of alumino-silicate geopolymer (29 min.)

Webinar 2014 Talk 2/Part 6 – Heat- and fire-resistant geopolymer (12 min.)

Webinar 2014 Talk 2/Part 7 – Fly ashed-based geopolymer (10 min.)

Webinar 2014 Talk 2/Part 8 – Durability tests (9 min.)

Webinar 2014 Talk 2/Part 9 – Geopolymer cement standards / low CO₂ (12 min.)

Webinar 2014 Talk 2/Part 10 – Geopolymer science and roman cement (12 min.)

Join Professor Joseph Davidovits and listen to the Free Geopolymer WEBINAR Spring 2014 (free Web Workshop), April 8-9, 2014, a 2-day talk of 2 hours including 3-4 breaks with Q&A that will cover:

• The impact of geopolymer on your R&D projects, university research, product marketing or industrial practices.
• The fundamental principles and concept of geopolymer science and technology (geopolymer resins, binders and cements, high-tech composites, fire- and heat-resistance materials);
• The major impact of geopolymer chemistry on our global economy in terms of low-energy and low-CO2 production technologies: geopolymer cements, geopolymer ceramics, eco-building, LTGS bricks;

LANGUAGE IS ENGLISH. Each talk is designed in order to encourage fruitful discussions between Prof. Joseph Davidovits (3-4 breaks with Q&A).

During the webinar, we plan 2 sessions for the same day with the same talk and content but with a different time. It will help to connect with people around the world with different time zones. If you have any doubt for the time and date for your country, visit a time zone converter website like this one: thetimenow.com

April 8, 2014: first day, 2 hour talk

• Session 1: 07:00 UTC+0 (GMT) for Europe, Africa, Asia (09:00 Paris-Berlin time, 12:30 India, 15:00 China, 15:00 Perth, 19:00 Auckland),
• Session 2: 16:00 UTC+0 (GMT) for Europe and Americas (18:00 Paris-Berlin time, 13:00 Brazil, 12:00 New York, 09:00 Los Angeles).

April 9, 2014: second day, 2 hour talk

• Session 1: 07:00 UTC+0 (GMT) for Europe, Africa, Asia (09:00 Paris-Berlin time, 12:30 India, 15:00 China, 15:00 Perth, 19:00 Auckland),
• Session 2: 16:00 UTC+0 (GMT) for Europe and Americas (18:00 Paris-Berlin time, 13:00 Brazil, 12:00 New York, 09:00 Los Angeles).

Outline of the talk:
The talk shows how the development of the geopolymer science concept was governed by the need to solve global technological problems in the industrial fields of extractive minerals, ceramics, cements, building materials, decorative stones and restoration works, fire and heat resistant composites, high-tech composites for aerospace, aircraft, naval and automobile, radioactive and toxic waste containment, thermal insulation. 
It further provides a clear distinction between geopolymer and alkali-activated materials and highlights some historical milestones.
 Upon completion of this presentation, you will be able to make a clear cut between geopolymer technologies and low-tech/alkali-activated systems.

Who shall attend?
Students, scientists, researchers, engineers from public and private organizations, curious or long-term experienced people in their fields of expertise, professionals involved in a wide range of development, including managers, finance specialists, R&D, marketing, business decision makers, technology and products development specialists, etc.

Technical requirements: We will use the GoToWebinar system from Citrix working with many computers (PC, Mac, iOS or Android App), including a fast internet connection, a web browser and the GoToMeeting application that you must install in your computer or your mobile/tablet device. For more information, please verify that you meet the systems requirements for Citrix  GoToMeeting. Before joining the meeting from the e-mail invitation, please join a test meeting to confirm that you are able to successfully join a meeting.

Register Now:

Do not wait to register. You will immediately receive an e-mail with all the details and a personal link to connect to the webinar. More, you will receive 3 reminders by e-mail, one week, one day and one hour before the beginning of each session.

If you have any doubt for the time and date for your country, visit a time zone converter website like this one: thetimenow.com

Privacy statement:

We’ll use this information to keep you informed once or twice a year about news or other plans provided by the Geopolymer Institute, and to gather demographic data yielding visitors statistics. Any information gathered using this form will not be given, sold or traded to anyone outside of the Geopolymer Institute for any reason.
We consider all messages received as confidential because they may contain information that is privileged and exempt from disclosure. We will not transmit to third parties your e-mail address. According to the French law (art. 34 of the law “Informatique et Libertés” ( Computer and Liberty ) 6-jan-1978), you have the right to access, edit, modify and delete all data concerning you. To apply this right, please write us.

Concrete experts talk today about how to make concrete durable. Many ancient Roman concrete buildings are still in use after more than 2000 years. For these modern concrete experts, the Romans were fortunate builders in that they apparently simply used natural pozzolan deposits, which were found to be suitable for producing a hydraulic mortar. Contrary to this pronouncement, our recent linguistical study and new translation of Latin author Vitruvius’ book De Architectura (1st Century B.C.) states that the magnificent quality of Roman concrete resulted from the extensive use of artificial pozzolanic mortars and concretes. Two artificial pozzolans were intensively manufactured:

1. calcined kaolinitic clay, in Latin testa
2. calcined volcanic stones, in Latin carbunculus

See in #D The synthetic pozzolanic mortar by Vitruvius and #E Searching for Carbunculus .

In addition to these artificial reactive ingredients, the Romans used a natural reactive volcanic sand named harena fossicia wrongly translated as pit sand or simply sand by modern authors. The ingredients testa, carbunculus and harena fossicia were intensively used in Roman buildings. These reactive ingredients must not be confused with the traditional pozzolan whose name originates from the city of Puzzuoli, near Napoli (Mt Vesuvio). According to Vitruvius Book V, 12, the traditional pozzolan was exclusively used for making piers into the sea or foundations for bridges, whereas harena fossicia, carbunculus and testa produced the concrete for buildings on land.

Roman concrete technology was more efficient than traditional building with hewn stone. The Table compares the construction time for the domes of most famous world monuments.

Construction time for dome structures made of concrete and hewn stone

From the digging of ancient Roman ruins, one knows that approximately 95% of the concretes and mortars constituting the Roman buildings consist of a very simple lime cement, which hardened slowly through the precipitating action of carbon dioxide CO₂, from the atmosphere. This is a very weak material that was used essentially in the making of foundations and in buildings for the populace. But for the building of their “ouvrages d’art”, the Roman architects did not hesitate to use more sophisticated and expensive ingredients. These outstanding Roman cements are based on the calcic activation of ceramic aggregates (testa) and alkali rich volcanic tuffs (cretoni, pozzolan) respectively with lime. The excess of unreacted lime recarbonates slowly into Ca-Carbonate. Conventional mineralogical analysis does not provide satisfactory explanation of the hardening mechanism. Yet, owing to the powerful MAS-NMR Spectroscopy investigation of these archaeological cements, one was able to distinguish two geopolymeric archaeological Roman cement analogues, dating to the 2nd. c. AD. See the scientific analysis on these high-performance Roman cements in paper nr 28 of Geopolymere ‘99 Proceedings and in Archaeo-Analogues .

Civil infrastructures, especially works related to water storage (cisterns, aqueducts) required a high-performance material and a special technology. The technology of this first Roman cement analogue was known under the generic technical term of Opus Signinum obtained by blending crushed and sieved ceramic, in Latin testa, with lime. According to the Roman author Plinius (Natural History, Book 35, 165), this technology was recognized as: ”… one of the most spectacular inventions of mankind …” The ingredient testa is a special ceramic powder from calcined kaolinitic clay (alumino-silicate oxide) and therefore identical to the MK-750 (or kandoxi) ingredient in modern geopolymeric cements. We performed 29 Si and 27 Al NMR Spectroscopy on Opus Signinum samples, dating to the 2nd Century A.D. There spectra are identical to those of modern GEOCISTEM Geopolymeric cements.

The second Roman cement analogue involved the use of an artificial pozzolan named in Latin Carbunculus. Analysis were carried out on samples from Ostia, 2nd-3rd Century A.D.

See the scientific analysis on Roman cements in Archaeo-Analogues .

Geosynthesis of Rock-based Geopolymer cements was the objective of the European multidisciplinary BriteEuram industrial research project GEOCISTEM. The project titled cost effective GEOpolymeric Cements for Innocuous Stabilization of Toxic EleMents, in short GEOCISTEM, started on Jan. 1994 and has been completed on June 1997.

In J. Davidovits’ book, Geopolymer Chemistry & Applications, Chapter 10 is dedicated to Rock-based Geopolymer cements.

The project seek to manufacture economical geopolymeric cements primarily for the long-term containment of hazardous and toxic wastes and for restoring sites highly contaminated with uranium mining waste (the WISMUT sites in former East Germany). The patented GEOPOLYTECH® process is currently undergoing industrial testing on various sites. In the recently updated book Geopolymer Chemistry & Applications this application is outlined in Chapter 26. You may also go to the Geopolymer Library and download several papers.

Rock-based Geopolymer cements are manufactured in a different manner than Portland cement. Geopolymeric cements do not require high temperature kilns, or large expenditures of fuel, nor do they require such a large capital investment for the plant and equipment. Thermal processing at temperatures not higher than 600-700°C of naturally occurring alkali-silico-aluminates and alumino-silicates (geological resources available on all continents) provides suitable rock-based geopolymeric raw-materials.

In addition, the GEOCISTEM technology reduces the energy consumption of manufacturing cement. The global introduction of these low-CO₂ geopolymeric cements, for civil engineering, infrastructure and general construction purposes will reduce the CO₂ emissions created by the cement concrete industry by 80%. This can mitigate overall Global Warming .

Partners:

• European Commission, Brussels
• B.R.G.M. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (France)
• CORDI-GEOPOLYMERE SA (France)
• LAVIOSA CHIMICA MINERARIA SPA (Italy)
• CAGLIARI UNIVERSITY, Dpt Scienze della Terra (Italy)
• BARCELONA UNIVERSITY, Facultat de Geologia (Spain)

Sub-contrators for Cordi-Geopolymere SA, Saint-Quentin:

• WISMUT GmbH, Chemnitz (Germany)
• HEIDELBERGER ZEMENT AG, Heidelberg (Germany)
• NAMUR University, Namur (Belgium)
  CEMENTI BUZZI, Torino (Italy)
• CAEN UNIVERSITY, Centre Etude et Recherche sur l’Antiquité (France)
• Project leader: Prof. Dr. Joseph Davidovits, Cordi-Geopolymere SA

Acid Resistant Concrete for Uranium and Metallic Mining Sites

Metallic mine tailings are usually generating sulphuric acid that results from the oxidation of pyrite. The resistance to strong sulphuric acid solution (5% H₂SO₄ solution) was investigated after the standard 28 days of hardening. Testing involved comparative sand mortar standard methods with Portland cement (type I 42.5 R from our sub-contractor Cementi Buzzi) and a geopolymeric cement that comprises 75% by weight of geological elements. This cement is coined CARBUNCULUS cement because of it similarity with the calcined pozzolan “carbunculus”, which according to the Roman architect Vitruvius (1st Century AD) was the basic material of the good Roman mortar (see in Archaeo-Analogues and also the paper #D Searching for Carbunculus ). After 60 days, CARBUNCULUS cement remains practically intact whereas the acid corrosion has destroyed more than 65% of Portland Cement I.42.5 (weight loss and change in shape and volume).

Comparative test CARBUNCULUS cement vs. Portland cement I.42.5, 28 days of hardening. Weight loss after 7, 28 and 60 days in Sulphuric acid solution (5%, pH=0).

The task LONGTERM in the GEOCISTEM project dealt with the better understanding of long-term durability. It is difficult to predict extended durability on the basis of operating experience, laboratory experimentation and prototype testing. Two thousand years are generally accepted as a sufficient amount of time to permit decay of fission products that represent the most hazardous fraction in low-level rad-waste material. The present ongoing research involves geological, chemical and archaeological aspects by studying the durability of archaeological analogues and understanding their chemical make-up. Ancient Roman concrete structures like the Coliseo (2.000 years old) are still functioning today and thereby could provide historical documentation of the extended durability of geopolymeric cements.

Fundamental research carried out by Joseph Davidovits at Institute for Applied Archaeological Sciences, Barry University, USA (1983-1989) and studies performed since 1991 by Frederic Davidovits at several French Universities (Amiens, Paris-Nanterre, Caen) on Ancient Roman mortars, especially Opus Signinum masonry, provided background knowledge for this task, in relation with the descriptions by the Roman author Vitruvius in De Architectura. Civil infrastructures, especially works related to water storage (cisterns, aqueducts) required a high-performance material Opus Signinum that involves a hardening mechanism based on the alkali-activation with lime of calcined clay (named testa in latin) similar to the MK-750 (or kandoxi) materials used in modern geopolymeric cements.

According to Vitruvius in De Architectura, another raw material for concretes and mortars is a very unique geological material called carbunculus (see paper #D Searching for Carbunculus ). Carbunculus was processed at high temperature, i.e. in the range of 800°C, (sic in Etruria excocta materia efficitur carbunculus). In Book II, Chapter VI, Vitruvius compares the properties of the true natural pozzolan from the Bay of Naples around Mount Vesuvius (Pozzuoli), with those of carbunculus, a calcined stone from Etruria (North of Rome). Both are excellent for concrete structures, yet carbunculus has advantages in buildings on land, whereas true pozzolan is best for piers built into the sea.

A sampling of archaeological mortars and concretes dating back to the 3rd century BC and later was carried out in Rome and Ostia, Italy. Two series of artefacts:

• Opus Signinum, 7 samples in Rome, (pavement of Santo Omobono, Rome, 3rd c. BC, samples ROM 1, 2, interior coatings of Cistern, Trajan Baths, 2nd. c. AD, samples ROM 3, 4, 5, 6). The Opus Signinum contains the element testa, which is a calcined kaolinitic clay equivalent to the MK-750 (or kandoxi) used in the GEOCISTEM cements, and carbonated lime.
• Opus Caementicum/Testacaem: 15 samples of mortars and concretes (carbunculus?) in Ostia, OST 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (G for grey and R for red). The mortar usually contains carbonated lime and volcanic tuff aggregates and sand called in Italian cretoni. Some of the cretoni could be the element carbunculus, which is equivalent to the calcined volcanic tuffs used in the GEOCISTEM cements.

We thank Dot.ssa Sartorio, director of Museo della Cività Romana, Rome, for her help in the sampling of the archaeological cements. In the recently updated book Geopolymer Chemistry & Applications, the Archaeological analogues and Long-Term Durability of geopolymers are outlined in Chapter 17. You may also go to the Geopolymer Library and download several papers.

NMR Analysis of Roman cements compared with GEOCISTEM cements.

We found at least two specimens of Roman cement (ROM 4 and OST 7G) whose ²⁹Si NMR Spectrum show the same resonances as those of GEOCISTEM cements. The spectrum for the cement ROM 4 (Opus Signinum) is similar to the spectra of Ca 01/Ca 02 GEOCISTEM cements. These particular GEOCISTEM cements were made of MK-750 (or kandoxi) and zeolithic tuffs Ca01, Ca02 (philipsite type). The spectrum for the cement OST 7G is equivalent to the LA01 GEOCISTEM volcanic tuff cement .

Comparative 29Si NMR spectra for Cements ROM 4/Ca 01,
Ca 02 GEOCISTEM (left), and Cements OST 7G/LA 01 GEOCISTEM (right).

ROM 4 results from the reaction between lime and a special ceramic testa different from plain kaolinitic clay. This chemical reaction yields an alumino-silicate structure (polysialate geopolymer type) with a major resonance at -86 ppm suggesting a structure of the Si(Q₃Si,1OH) and Si(Q₄) types, or a hydrated felspathoid geopolymer analogue. In addition, the presence of hydrated gehlinite in ROM 4 cement deducted from ²⁷Al Spectroscopy suggests following final make-up for ROM 4 cement:

• hydrated gehlinite,
• recarbonated lime,
• hydrated feldspathoid, (K,Na)-polysialate geopolymer,
• fine grained zeolitic volcanic tuff.

The 29Si NMR spectrum of OST 7G cement is equivalent to the one of the LA01 GEOCISTEM volcanic tuff cement. OST 7G mortar results from the reaction between lime and analcime type cretoni. The product of this reaction is an alumino-silicate of type Si(Q₃, 1OH) and Si(Q₄) (-86 ppm to -94 ppm range) different from those expected with regular pozzolan. There is no hydrated gehlinite in OST 7G cement deducted from 27Al Spectroscopy. The final make-up of OST 7G cement would be:

• recarbonated lime,
• hydrated feldspathoid, Na-polysialate geopolymer,
• fine grained zeolitic volcanic tuff.

Hydrated feldspathoid and hydrated gehlinite are X-ray amorph. This explains why the chemical and mineralogical analysis carried out by the GEOCISTEM geologist team at Cagliari University on these ancient mortars, did not provide detailed information on the make-up of the lime-cement.
See also in The Mystery of Roman Concretes unveiled .

Abstract in English:

Carbunculus, as described by Vitruvius (2, 4, 1; 2, 6, 6; 8, 1, 2), is a mineral used like a pouzzolana, which, when added, yields a very good mortar. The nature of this sand has remained enigmatic. The works of Italian researcher G. LUGLI enable us to have a first outlook. In chapter 4 of book 2, Vitruvius describes the use of every different kind of sand:

1. quartz-like river sands: harena fluuiatica,
2. limestone sea sand: harena marina, both of these sands are used in regular coatings;
3. pozzolanic sands, which are ground extracted, and differenciated from one another through respective color: harena fossicia.

Vitruvius advises the use of harena fossicia for opus caementiicium and distinguishes through color 4 harenae fossiciae: nigra (black), cana (gray or white, depending on deposit), rubra (red) and carbunculus. By comparison, the sands from the river and the sea cannot be used to elavate walls and concrete vaults (2, 4, 2), whereas freshly dug fossiciae have this ability. According to both Vitruvius and G. LUGLI, harena fossicia, thus carbunculus, is a pozzolanic sand. COLUMELLA (De re rust. 3, 11, 7) describes a stone called carbunculus used in vine growing. This stone, which has the ability to absorb and release humidity, can be described as a zeolith.

Carbunculus is labeled by Vitruvius (2, 6, 6) as materia excocta: an “heat-treated material”. TACITUS (H. 5, 7) uses this verb to designate the sand melting in the manufacturing of glass. Excoquo is a technical verb which designates an industrial process: oven curing. In the Vitruvian context, the prefix ex- expresses a high-temprature treatment process. Heat treatment transforms the color of the zeolith: from black, red or white, it becomes red, the color of embers. Carbunculus, this heat-treated zeolith, is for VITRUVIUS a product just as good as natural pozzolana.

Résumé en français:

Le carbunculus, décrit par Vitruve (2, 4, 1; 2, 6, 6; 8, 1, 2) est un minéral qu’on emploie comme une pouzzolane, et son ajout donne un très bon mortier. La nature de ce sable est restée énigmatique. Les travaux de l’Italien G. LUGLI permettent une première approche. Vitruve indique, dans le quatrième chapitre du livre deux, l’utilisation de chaque différente sorte de sable:

1. Les enduits fluviaux (quartzeux): harena fluuiatica.
2. Les sables marins (calcaires): harena marina. Ces deux sables sont utilisés pour les enduits.
3. Les sables pouzzolaniques que l’on extrait du sol et que l’on distingue les uns des autres par la couleur: harena fossicia.

Vitruve (2, 4, 1) conseille l’emploi de l’harena fossicia pour l’opus caementicium et distingue 4 harenae fossiciae par la couleur: nigra (noire), cana (grise ou blanche tout dépend du gisement), rubra (rouge) et le carbunculus. Par comparaison, les sables de rivière ou de mer ne peuvent pas servir à l’édification des murs et des voûtes concrètes (2, 4, 2), alors que les fossiciae fraîchement extraits ont cette capacité. Pour Vitruve comme pour G. LUGLI, l’harena fossicia, donc le carbunculus, est un sable pouzzolanique.

Columelle (De re rust. 3, 11, 7) décrit une pierre, employée dans la culture de la vigne. Cette pierre, qui a la propriété d’absorber et de restituer l’humidité, est une zéolithe.

Vitruve (2, 6, 6) qualifie le carbunculus de materia excocta: un “matériau cuit au four”. Tacite (H. 5, 7) emploie ce verbe pour désigner le sable qui fond dans la fabrication du verre. Excoquo est un verbe technique qui désigne un procédé industriel: la cuisson au four. Dans le contexte vitruvien, le préfixe ex- exprimerait un processus de traitement à haute température. La cuisson transforme la couleur de la zéolithe: de noire, rouge ou blanche, elle devient rouge, couleur de braise. Pour Vitruve, le carbunculus , cette zéolithe cuite au four, est un produit aussi bon que la pouzzolane naturelle.

Click here to see how you can download paper number E.

DEA thesis by Frédéric Davidovits,
université de Nanterre – Paris X, 1993
( in French, en Français )

Contrairement à ce que l’on croit généralement, les sables employés dans les mortiers dits hydrauliques chez les romains sont de nature pouzzolaniques car d’origine volcanique. Des archéologues comme Marion Elizabeth Blake et Giuseppe Lugli ont établi que seul le sable de carrière dont parle Vitruve (Livre II, chap 3) qui est le seul apte à entrer dans la composition du mortier romain est en fait un sable volcanique comme la pouzzolane et donc, réagit complètement avec la chaux.

Click here to see how you can download paper number D.