To sum-up: Alkali-Activated Materials (AAM) are NOT Polymers, so they cannot be called Geo-Polymers. AAMs are hydrates and Geopolymers are polymers. Geopolymers are NOT a subset of AAM because they are not a calcium hydrate alternative (no NASH, no KASH). Geopolymer is not a hydrate, because water does not participate in the structuration of the material. AAM and Geopolymers belong to two very different and separate chemistry systems (a hydrate/precipitate that is a monomer or a dimer versus a true polymer). Those who claim that both terms are synonyms are promoting a misleading scientific belief. Learn why by watching these four videos.
“Non-activated geopolymers” are the only TRUE geopolymers that provide the excellent properties you are expecting. AAM kills polymeric reaction.

Get an official transcript of the 4 videos, including a DOI for official references and citations, by downloading the technical paper # 25.

Geopolymers vs. AAM: Understanding the Crucial Differences

33 min, 89 MB. Click on the CC icon to ACTIVATE SUBTITLES. Watch it fullscreen.

Buy the “Geopolymer Bundle” Video + Tutorial (click here).

Summary: Geopolymers are not Alkali Activated Materials (AAM).
AAMs are characterized by their hydration process and are not polymers. Therefore, they cannot be called geopolymers. Geopolymers, on the other hand, are polymers and not hydrates. Consequently, the terms NASH or KASH are irrelevant because geopolymers are polymers, not hydrates. It is a significant scientific error to claim that polymers and hydrates are similar. Attempting to create a polymer using the mix design of a hydrate will result in failure (cracking, shrinkage and efflorescence). Conversely, following the kinetics of a polymer when making a geopolymer will result in success.
There is no controversy. You have been misled by people who lack a proper understanding of polymers. You have been faithfully following and copying their wrong mixes and getting bad results.
Everything is proven with solid scientific evidence against fake science.

Video description: This video is an excerpt from a 3-hour workshop on geopolymer processing. Buy the Geopolymer Bundle (click here).
It addresses common misconceptions about geopolymer cements and explains why many attempts to produce geopolymer cements have failed to achieve the superior properties that are often cited in the scientific literature.
The presenters argue that geopolymers are not alkali activated materials (AAM) and highlight the fundamental differences between the two. They emphasize the importance of understanding polymer chemistry for successful formulation.
The video critiques common errors in the scientific literature, particularly those propagated between 2003 and 2019, that have led to confusion in the field. It explains why treating geopolymers as hydrates (NASH or KASH) is incorrect and provides evidence from infrared spectroscopy and the role of water to support this claim.
The presenters emphasize the importance of proper terminology and understanding, pointing out that geopolymers are true mineral polymers, not hydrates or precipitates.
This informative video aims to clear up misconceptions and provide a solid foundation for those interested in working with geopolymer cement, ultimately promoting a better understanding and more successful implementation of this innovative material in construction and engineering.

Chapters:

• 00:00 Introduction
• 01:33 AAM are not GP
• 03:53 Geopolymer definition
• 05:06 Example of wrong mixing
• 11:58 Portland cement chemistry
• 12:57 Geopolymer chemistry
• 14:05 Wrong NASH and KASH terminology
• 15:42 Wrong RILEM committee definition
• 17:09 Water to binder ratio proves GP not a hydrate
• 18:35 IR proves GP not a hydrate
• 24:49 AAM are not Polymers
• 25:18 What is activation?
• 27:47 There is no GP activator
• 29:00 Concrete Society classifications
• 30:15 Designing Buildings definitions
• 32:43 GP is a polymer not a hydrate

Other videos

In his four recent keynotes at the Geopolymer Camp 2014, Geopolymer Camp 2015, Geopolymer Camp 2016 and Geopolymer Camp 2017, Prof. J. Davidovits explained why Alkali-Activated-Materials are not Geopolymers, or why alkali-activation is not geopolymerization. We have selected all the sequences that had been dedicated to this issue in the GPCamp-2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 keynotes. These new videos are titled: Why Alkali-Activated Materials are NOT Geopolymers. You will finally understand why they are two different systems.

Part 4 (new 2017): NASH / KASH is an invalid terminology

In 2016, a paper published by a group of scientists determined that there is no presence of NASH or KASH in geopolymer cement (see part 3 below). In this short excerpt, Prof. Joseph Davidovits explains this result by the true polymer nature of geopolymer chemistry. You will learn what true NASH and KASH are, and in which context they are actually used. AAM and geopolymer cement (wrongly shorten by some as “geopolymers”) are two very different and separate chemistry (a hydrate/precipitate that is a monomer or a dimer versus a true polymer). None is a subset of the other or its derivative which leads to confused interpretations.

10 min, 26 MB. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Part 3: AAM are not polymers, so they cannot be called “geopolymers”

Prof. Joseph Davidovits emphasizes the fact that Alkali Activated Materials (AAM) are not polymers, so they cannot be called “geopolymers”. He presents what scientists are now writing about this issue. They now agree with proven facts that it is a big scientific mistake to use AAM and geopolymer as synonyms, and people shall stop doing so. Geopolymer cement is not a CSH derivative; therefore, scientists are now stating that applying the CSH terminology from Portland cement is not only inappropriate, but also calling them NASH and KASH is totally wrong. Those who purposefully use and propagate these misleading languages delude the understanding of the true chemical reactions that really occur (never a hydrate or a gel, but a polymer), resulting in confused interpretations.

27 min, 62 MB. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Part 1 (2014): AAM are not geopolymers, two different chemistries

Prof. J. Davidovits explains the main differences between AAC (Alkali-Activated Cement or Concrete), AAS (Alkali-Activated Slag), AAF (Alkali-Activated Fly Ash) and Slag-based Geopolymer cement, in terms of chemistry, molecular structure, long-term durability. In a second part, on hand of the industrialization of Slag/fly ash-based geopolymer cement/concrete implemented by the company Wagners, Australia, he focuses on the results provided by the carbonation testing data obtained for ordinary Portland cement, AAS and EFC (Slag/fly ash-based geopolymer). The tests were carried out at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT in Australia. Geopolymer behaves like regular Portland cement, whereas AAS gets very bad carbonation results.

20 min, 46 MB. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Part 2 (2015): Clarifying statement about all the false ideas and assertions

Prof. J. Davidovits makes a clarifying statement about all the false ideas and assertions written by several alkali activated materials scientists (incorrectly using the word “geopolymer” for marketing purpose in place of AAM) and blindly imitated by others. He explains why it is a true polymer with a well-known and understood chemistry (as opposed to those who claim it is a “gel” of unknown character), mentions the historicity and discovery of geopolymer chemistry, the real contributions of Glukhovsky and what he really wrote about geopolymers. He develops the range of actual industrial applications that goes far beyond cement made out of wastes…

29 min, 67 MB. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

Prof. Joseph Davidovits presents the road map for the next couple of years on geopolymer science innovation and research, at the 2^nd International Congress on Ceramics, Verona, Italy, July 4th, 2008.

There is a great need for innovation and therefore further research must be carried out. We have listed below the topics that deserve further involvement in the field of chemistry, physical-chemistry, materials science, and others. These needs are outlined in Davidovits’ book Geopolymer Chemistry & Applications, generally at the end of the chapter dedicated to the topic, and are given in the list.

We hope that this initiative will minimize the number of scientific papers and conference communications that are simply re-inventing the wheel, i.e. replicate studies and research already performed by others, sometimes several decades ago, and outlined in the reference book Geopolymer Chemistry & Applications.

The GeopolymerCamp is the opportunity to prepare the new edition of the book Geopolymer Chemistry & Applications. Indeed, the Geopolymer Institute wishes to publish every year a new revised edition with the most up to date information. During this session, participants will propose subjects or issues that are worthwhile to be edited or added, and the assembly will discuss about it. Prepare your arguments if you want to see your last research, data, applications be added to this reference book.

Research topics:

Chapter 2: Polymeric character of geopolymers: geopolymeric micelle
“Further research is needed to provide scientific tools for the determination of several physical parameters such as overall dimension and molecular weight.”

Let physicochemical research institutions confirm covalent bonding system. Determine the molecular weight of the geopolymer micelle, a nanosized particulate detected by W. Kriven in 2003.

Chapter 5: Poly(siloxonate), soluble silicate (waterglass)
“The standard industrial silicates are mixtures of several silicate species (…) Any changes in the industrial fabrication parameters will strongly affect the nominal mixture composition and the geopolymeric properties of the soluble silicates obtained with these glasses (…) Nevertheless, researchers in geopolymer science should always keep in mind these data when developing tailored industrial geopolymer applications (…) Further research on this important topic will probably provide additional 3-D structures connected with the solid rings and polygons disclosed in Figure 5.9. (…) Further research is needed on this crucial technology.”

Let modify and master the manufacture process in order to get uniformity and quality control on the molecular sizes of Na-poly(siloxonate), K-poly(siloxonate) (soluble silicate).

Chapter 8: Metakaolin MK-750-based geopolymer
“In general, (Na,K)–poly(sialate-siloxo) is not made of single polymeric macromolecules but consists of a mixture, a solid solution, of at least two well defined geopolymers with different Si:Al ratios. The standardized methods of investigation, like ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al NMR spectroscopy, are not sophisticated enough for the detection and separation of these different macromolecules. Future research is necessary. (…) The identification of Al-O-Al bonding in geopolymers has been confirmed by ¹⁷O MAS-NMR spectroscopy as the one displayed in Figure 8.24… The effect seems to diminish with the increase of the Si:Al ratio, when oligo-siloxonate molecules, Q₀ , Q₁ and Q₂ types are added to the geopolymeric reactant mixture. Further research is needed.”

Chapter 9: Calcium-based geopolymer
“There is production of two geopolymers: hydrated gehlenite and (Na,K)–poly(sialate-siloxo), and in addition calcium di-siloxonate hydrate (CSH cement type). Further research is needed on this very interesting topic of ancient Roman technology. (…) We could also assume that, in the hydrated state, our geopolymeric structures are more flexible than the rigid anhydrous chains. Their molecular arrangement might comply with the replacement of K⁺ with Ca⁺⁺. Further research is needed to clarify this important issue.”

Chapter 10: Rock-based geopolymer
“The extrapolation from the solid solution structures set forth in Chapter 9 would probably focus on the Ca-siloxonate-hydrate, and its resonance at -78 ppm for Q₁ structure in the ²⁹Si spectrum of Figure 10.5. However, in addition to the dimer Ca-di-siloxonate hydrate molecule, one could get higher oligomers: trimer, tetramer, pentamer, hexamer, with cyclic structures similar to those depicted for soluble silicates in Figure 5.13 of Chapter 5 as well as in Figure 2.8 of Chapter 2. Further research is needed.”

Chapter 11: Silica-based geopolymer
“The geopolymer composite has a high potential for fire-heat resistant coatings as well as corrosion resistant paint for steel. With tailored ceramic fillers one obtains heat stable materials with remarkable heat resistance. Further research is needed. (…) These results highlight the need for caution during the use and disposal of these manufactured nanomaterials to prevent unintended environmental impacts, as well as the importance of further research on tailored formulations aimed at preventing any risk.”

Chapter 12: Fly ash-based geopolymer
“Overall, the geopolymer matrix gives a Si:Al molar ratio ranging from 1.56–2.14 corresponding to a poly(sialate-siloxo) with inclusions of siloxonate-hydrate molecules consisting of higher oligomers: trimer, tetramer, pentamer, hexamer, with cyclic structures similar to those depicted for soluble silicates in Figure 5.13 of Chapter 5 as well as in Figure 2.8 of Chapter 2. Further research is needed. (…) Gasifier slag consists of four main components: silica, alumina, iron oxide and calcium oxide, mainly added as a flux in the gasification process. The gasifier slag composition is similar to that of iron blast-furnace slag (Sullivan and Hill, 2001). In other words, a possible shortage of iron blast-furnace slag would be easily compensated by the production of gasifier slag, opening new perspectives for the industrial implementation of geopolymers issuing from coal combustion in electrical power plants. Further research is needed.”

Chapter 13: Phosphate-based geopolymer
“Several laboratories are working on the inclusion of PO₄ units into sialate and sialate-siloxo sequences. Data have not been published, so far. Further research is needed on these materials that show promising potential applications.”

Chapter 14: Organic-mineral geopolymer
“Further research is needed in order to take advantage of the chemical compatibility of poly-organo-siloxane and mineral geopolymers. (…) Further research is needed on the geopolymerization mechanism in acid medium. (…) The previous examples show the potentiality of organo-mineral geopolymer compounds. Further research is needed.”

Chapter 17: Long-term durability
“As for technological applications of geopolymeric materials in waste management, any risk assessment must contain input from geological and geochemical analogues. The problem is the very low amount of available data on this topic. Further research is needed.

Chapter 21: Geopolymer-fiber composites
“In this Chapter, the best results involved the use of carbon or SiC fibers that are more expensive than E-glass. Future research will therefore take advantage of the geopolymeric systems outlined in Chapter 13 with phosphate based acidic matrix. This chemistry is not as aggressive to E-glass as the alkali driven poly(sialate) medium.”

The introduction of composites on a large scale in aircraft manufacture by Boeing and Airbus highlights the demand for fire- as well as heat-resistant geopolymer matrices.

Chapter 23: Geopolymer in ceramic processing
Introduce and develop LTGS for the production of low-cost building materials in developing countries with user-friendly geopolymeric ingredients.

Chapter 24: The manufacture of geopolymer cements
“We have learned in Chapter 19 that these dry mixes based on dry NaOH/KOH are corrosive in nature and may not be used (see in section 19.2, The need for user-friendly systems ). Research and development should therefore focus on innovative solutions involving the manufacture of ready to use, user-friendly, geopolymeric precursors. (…) Further research and development is needed on this very important technology.”

The major obstacle to the mass application of geopolymer cements comes from the chemical industry that is unable to manufacture the estimated 250-300 millions tonnes / year of alkali-silicates poly(siloxonates) needed for mass production of geopolymer cements, world-wide (presently ca. 15 millions tonnes / year). One must invent new methods of manufacture for poly(siloxonate) glasses, from geological raw-materials rich in K₂O and Na₂O, as in the European Research project GEOCISTEM (Brite-Euram 1994-1997).

Chapter 25: Geopolymer concrete
“When one adds together the properties described in this Chapter 25, and the chemical and physical parameters of geopolymer cements outlined in previous chapters, it becomes evident that geopolymer concrete is better than Portland cement concrete. Yet, further research is needed to apply and generalize to all geopolymer concrete types the results obtained by B.V. Rangan and his team.”

Other interesting publications on the same topic of aluminosilicate polymers

We recommand following recent papers published in 1996-1997 by a research group at Free University of Brussels (V.U.B.), Belgium. These papers confirm the presence of a polymeric structure for aluminosilicates of the geopolymeric type. These papers are excellent for there scientific content but do not deserve any further consideration for there lack of any reference to the scientific papers nor to the numerous issued patents published by Joseph Davidovits and listed in the CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS databank. One of the authors of these papers, Prof. J. WASTIELS, worked with geopolymeric binders supplied by the company Géopolymère (Pont-Ste Maxence, France) and also presented a paper at the First European Conference on Geopolymer, GEOPOLYMER ‘88, 1998, Université de Technologie, Compiègne, France, paper titled: “Composites with Mineral Matrix in Low Energy Construction”, by G. Patfoort and J. Wastiels, in GEOPOLYMER ‘88, J. Davidovits and J. Orlinski Eds.., Volume 2, Paper nr 16, pp. 215-221, 1988. The presentation abstract of this paper, Session D Nr27 (see in GEOPOLYMER ‘88, page 11) reads as follows: “On March 31, 1987, French President Francois Mitterand laid the foundation stone of the new University of Technology at Sevenans, France. This foundation stone was man-made, more precisely had been geopolymerised at 55°C, in our laboratories [at V.U.B.]. Our involvement with geopolymeric reactions goes back to 1982 when we started a collaboration with Prof. J. Davidovits and the Geopolymer Institute. A series of low cost composites for low energy construction are being developed at Vrije Universitet Brussels, starting from aluminosilicates. Geopolymerisation reaction can take place at atmospheric pressure and at low temperatures (between room temperature and 100°C), so that a low amount of energy is used for production. Applications are expected to be found in low cost housing, using locally available raw materials, and more generally in composite materials with geopolymeric matrix”.

• Rahier H., Van Mele B., Biesemans.M., Wastiels J. and Wu X., Low-temperature synthesized aluminosilicate glasses Part I, J. Material Sciences, 31 (1996) 71-79.
• Rahier H., Van Mele B., Wastiels J., Low-temperature synthesized aluminosilicate glasses Part II, J. Material Sciences, 31 (1996) 80-85.
• Rahier H., Simons W., Van Mele B., Biesemans.M., Low-temperature synthesized aluminosilicate glasses Part III, J. Material Sciences, 32 (1997) 2237-2247.

This paper describes research into the use of granulated blast furnace slag as an active filler in the making of geopolymers. During this work it was found that geopolymer setting time correlates well with temperature, potassium hydroxide concentration, metakaolinite and sodium silicate addition. The physical and mechanical properties of the geopolymer also correlated well with the concentration of alkaline solution and the amount of metakaolinite that is added. The highest compressive strength achieved was 79 MPa. For fire resistance tests, a 10 mm thick geopolymer panel was exposed to a 1100 °C flame, with the measured reverse-side temperatures reaching less than 350°C after 35 min. The products can be fabricated for construction purposes and have great potential for engineering applications.

This article is also available online at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/mineng